{"id":1093,"date":"2026-09-09T22:43:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-09T22:43:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/virtualserversvps.com\/blog\/?p=1093"},"modified":"2026-09-09T22:43:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T22:43:38","slug":"vps-security-audit-checklist-findings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/virtualserversvps.com\/blog\/vps-security-audit-checklist-findings\/","title":{"rendered":"VPS Security Audit Checklist: Finding and Fixing Common Server Vulnerabilities"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Server security is not a one-time setup. New vulnerabilities emerge daily, configuration drift happens gradually, and an attacker only needs to find one weakness. A systematic security audit helps you identify and fix common vulnerabilities before they are exploited. This checklist covers the essential areas every VPS administrator should review \u2014 from SSH hardening and firewall rules to file permissions and kernel parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. SSH Hardening<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SSH is the most common attack vector on any internet-facing server. Review the <code>\/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<\/code> file for these settings:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Setting<\/th><th>Recommended Value<\/th><th>Why<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>Port<\/code><\/td><td>Non-default (e.g., 2222)<\/td><td>Eliminates 99% of automated attacks<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>PermitRootLogin<\/code><\/td><td><code>no<\/code><\/td><td>Prevents direct root SSH access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>PasswordAuthentication<\/code><\/td><td><code>no<\/code><\/td><td>Only allow key-based authentication<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>PubkeyAuthentication<\/code><\/td><td><code>yes<\/code><\/td><td>Enables SSH key login<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>MaxAuthTries<\/code><\/td><td><code>3<\/code><\/td><td>Limits brute-force attempts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ClientAliveInterval<\/code><\/td><td><code>300<\/code><\/td><td>Drops idle connections after 5 minutes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>AllowUsers<\/code><\/td><td>Specific usernames only<\/td><td>Whitelist who can SSH in<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Audit current SSH configuration\nsudo sshd -T | grep -E \"(port|permitrootlogin|passwordauthentication|pubkeyauthentication|maxauthtries)\"\n\n# Check for failed login attempts\nsudo grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | tail -20\n\n# Count unique IPs that attempted logins in the last 24 hours\nsudo grep \"$(date +'%b %e')\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | grep \"Failed password\" | awk '{print $(NF-3)}' | sort -u | wc -l<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After making changes to <code>sshd_config<\/code>, always test the configuration before restarting: <code>sudo sshd -t<\/code>. Open a second SSH session in tmux before restarting so you can recover if something goes wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Firewall Configuration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A properly configured firewall should be the first line of defense. Use UFW on Ubuntu or iptables directly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># With UFW (Ubuntu\/Debian)\nsudo ufw default deny incoming\nsudo ufw default allow outgoing\nsudo ufw allow ssh  # Or: sudo ufw allow 2222\/tcp if you changed SSH port\nsudo ufw allow http\nsudo ufw allow https\nsudo ufw enable\nsudo ufw status verbose\n\n# Audit current firewall rules\nsudo iptables -L -n -v\n\n# Check for open ports\nsudo ss -tlnp | grep LISTEN<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key audit questions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are only necessary ports open? (At minimum: SSH, HTTP, HTTPS)<\/li>\n<li>Are database ports (3306, 5432, 6379) bound to localhost only?<\/li>\n<li>Is there a rate limit on SSH connections? (<code>ufw limit ssh<\/code>)<\/li>\n<li>Are unused services not listening on any port?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. User and Permission Audits<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unnecessary user accounts or misconfigured permissions are a common source of privilege escalation vulnerabilities:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># List all users with login shells\nsudo awk -F: '\/bash|sh|zsh\/{print $1, $6}' \/etc\/passwd\n\n# Find users with UID 0 (root-equivalent)\nsudo awk -F: '$3 == 0 {print $1}' \/etc\/passwd\n\n# Check for empty passwords\nsudo awk -F: '($2 == \"\" || $2 == \"!\") {print $1}' \/etc\/shadow\n\n# Find world-writable files outside \/tmp\nsudo find \/ -xdev -type f -perm -0002 ! -path \"\/tmp\/*\" ! -path \"\/proc\/*\" 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n\n# Find SUID\/SGID binaries (potential privilege escalation vectors)\nsudo find \/ -xdev -type f \\( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \\) 2&gt;\/dev\/null | xargs ls -la<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Checklist items:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Remove or disable unused user accounts<\/li>\n<li>Ensure only root has UID 0<\/li>\n<li>Audit sudoers file: <code>sudo visudo<\/code> and check <code>\/etc\/sudoers.d\/<\/code><\/li>\n<li>Review world-writable files and directories (they should not exist outside \/tmp)<\/li>\n<li>Review SUID\/SGID binaries and remove the bit from unnecessary ones<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Filesystem and Directory Permissions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Critical configuration files should have restricted permissions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>File\/Directory<\/th><th>Expected Permissions<\/th><th>Owner<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code><\/td><td><code>640<\/code> or <code>600<\/code><\/td><td>root:shadow<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<\/code><\/td><td><code>644<\/code><\/td><td>root:root<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/etc\/ssl\/private\/<\/code><\/td><td><code>700<\/code><\/td><td>root:root<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/var\/log\/<\/code><\/td><td><code>755<\/code><\/td><td>root:root (or syslog)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/etc\/nginx\/sites-available\/<\/code><\/td><td><code>644<\/code><\/td><td>root:root<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nginx SSL certificates<\/td><td><code>600<\/code><\/td><td>root:root<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Audit key file permissions\nsudo stat -c \"%a %U:%G %n\" \/etc\/shadow \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config \/etc\/ssl\/private<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Automatic Security Updates<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unpatched software is the number one entry point for attackers. Configure automatic security updates and verify they are working:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Install unattended-upgrades (Ubuntu\/Debian)\nsudo apt install unattended-upgrades -y\nsudo dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low unattended-upgrades\n\n# Check configuration\nsudo cat \/etc\/apt\/apt.conf.d\/20auto-upgrades\n# Should show:\n# APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n# APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"1\";\n\n# Verify it is running\nsudo systemctl status unattended-upgrades\n\n# Check the log for recent upgrades\nsudo grep -i upgrade \/var\/log\/unattended-upgrades\/unattended-upgrades.log | tail -10\n\n# List available security updates that haven't been applied\nsudo apt list --upgradable 2&gt;\/dev\/null | grep -i security<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On systems with critical production workloads, keep <code>unattended-upgrades<\/code> enabled but configure it to automatically reboot only during maintenance windows by updating <code>\/etc\/apt\/apt.conf.d\/50unattended-upgrades<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Web Server and Application Security<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Your web server configuration is a common source of information disclosure and misconfiguration vulnerabilities:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Check web server version information\ncurl -I https:\/\/your-server.com | grep -i server\n\n# Test HTTP methods\ncurl -X OPTIONS https:\/\/your-server.com\/ -i | grep Allow\n\n# Test directory listing\ncurl https:\/\/your-server.com\/images\/ -I\n\n# Test for common paths\ncurl -s -o \/dev\/null -w \"%{http_code}\" https:\/\/your-server.com\/.git\/config\ncurl -s -o \/dev\/null -w \"%{http_code}\" https:\/\/your-server.com\/admin\/\ncurl -s -o \/dev\/null -w \"%{http_code}\" https:\/\/your-server.com\/backup\/\ncurl -s -o \/dev\/null -w \"%{http_code}\" https:\/\/your-server.com\/.env<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nginx-specific audit:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>server_tokens off;<\/code> \u2014 hides Nginx version from error pages and headers<\/li>\n<li><code>autoindex off;<\/code> \u2014 disables directory listing<\/li>\n<li>Rate limiting configured: <code>limit_req_zone<\/code> and <code>limit_conn_zone<\/code><\/li>\n<li>File upload size limited: <code>client_max_body_size<\/code><\/li>\n<li>No sensitive files served from web root (<code>.git<\/code>, <code>.env<\/code>, backups)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Database Security<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Databases are a high-value target for attackers. Common misconfigurations to check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># MySQL\/MariaDB\n# Check that bind-address is 127.0.0.1\nsudo grep \"bind-address\" \/etc\/mysql\/mysql.conf.d\/mysqld.cnf\n\n# List database users and their hosts\nsudo mysql -e \"SELECT user, host, authentication_string FROM mysql.user;\"\n\n# Find users with no password\nsudo mysql -e \"SELECT user, host FROM mysql.user WHERE authentication_string = '';\"\n\n# PostgreSQL\n# Check listen_addresses\nsudo grep \"listen_addresses\" \/etc\/postgresql\/*\/main\/postgresql.conf\n\n# List users and roles\nsudo -u postgres psql -c \"\\du\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Database audit items:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Database bound to localhost only, not 0.0.0.0<\/li>\n<li>No default or empty passwords on any user account<\/li>\n<li>Application database user has least-privilege access (only needed tables\/operations)<\/li>\n<li>Remote root login disabled<\/li>\n<li>SSL\/TLS enabled for database connections if not on localhost<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Intrusion Detection and Logging<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Without logging and detection, you will not know you have been compromised until it is too late:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Install and configure Fail2ban\nsudo apt install fail2ban -y\nsudo systemctl enable --now fail2ban\n\n# Check banned IPs\nsudo fail2ban-client status sshd\n\n# Check all jails\nsudo fail2ban-client status\n\n# Audit log management\n# Check logrotate configuration\nsudo ls -la \/etc\/logrotate.d\/\nsudo cat \/etc\/logrotate.d\/rsyslog\n\n# Verify logs are being written\nsudo ls -lh \/var\/log\/syslog \/var\/log\/auth.log \/var\/log\/nginx\/access.log\n\n# Check for large or unexpected log files\nsudo du -sh \/var\/log\/* | sort -hr | head -10<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consider setting up <a href=\"https:\/\/virtualserversvps.com\/blog\/category\/vps-guides-tutorials\/\">log forwarding<\/a> to a centralized logging server or sending security-relevant logs (auth.log, nginx access logs) to an external SIEM for long-term retention and analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Kernel and System Hardening<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several sysctl parameters improve security at the network and kernel level:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># \/etc\/sysctl.d\/99-security.conf\n\n# IP spoofing protection\nnet.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1\nnet.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1\n\n# Ignore ICMP redirects\nnet.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0\nnet.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0\n\n# Ignore source-routed packets\nnet.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0\nnet.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0\n\n# Disable ICMP echo requests (ping)\nnet.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1\n\n# Protect against SYN flood attacks\nnet.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1\nnet.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2\nnet.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2\n\n# Enable kernel ASLR (should be enabled by default)\nkernel.randomize_va_space = 2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apply and verify:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo sysctl -p \/etc\/sysctl.d\/99-security.conf\n\n# Verify settings\nsudo sysctl kernel.randomize_va_space\nsudo sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Backup and Recovery Verification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Security is not just about prevention \u2014 it is also about recovery. A good backup strategy is the difference between a minor incident and a catastrophic data loss:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp\/paragraph -->\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Test your backups:<\/strong> Actually restore from backup at least quarterly. A backup that has never been tested is not a backup \u2014 it is a hope.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Off-site storage:<\/strong> Store backups on a different provider or in object storage (S3, Backblaze B2).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Encryption:<\/strong> Encrypt backups before uploading off-site using GPG or a tool like <code>restic<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Backup critical directories:<\/strong> <code>\/etc\/<\/code>, <code>\/var\/www\/<\/code>, database dumps, SSL certificates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Minimal backup test: can you restore from a recent snapshot?\n# List your backup files and check dates\nls -lh \/backups\/\n\n# Verify backup integrity (example with restic)\nrestic check\n\n# Test database restore\nsudo mysql -u root test_restore &lt; \/backups\/latest-mysql-dump.sql<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Automating the Audit<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Running through this checklist manually every month is tedious. Automate periodic security audits with tools like <code>lynis<\/code> or custom scripts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Install lynis for automated security auditing\nsudo apt install lynis -y\nsudo lynis audit system\n\n# Or use a simple audit script that checks the key items\n# and emails the results weekly via cron<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Security is a continuous process, not a destination. Running through this checklist quarterly \u2014 and whenever you make major infrastructure changes \u2014 will catch the majority of common vulnerabilities before they become problems. For a VPS with built-in DDoS protection and robust network security features, <a href=\"https:\/\/virtualserversvps.com\/#providers\">compare VPS plans from leading providers<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Server security is not a one-time setup. New vulnerabilities emerge daily, configuration drift happens gradually, and an attacker only needs to find one weakness. A systematic security audit helps you&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":1,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vps-guides-tutorials"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.1 (Yoast SEO v26.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>VPS Security Audit Checklist: Finding and Fixing Common Server Vulnerabilities - Virtual Servers VPS Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/virtualserversvps.com\/blog\/vps-security-audit-checklist-findings\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"VPS Security Audit Checklist: Finding and Fixing Common Server Vulnerabilities\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"VPS Security Audit Checklist: Finding and Fixing Common Server Vulnerabilities\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/virtualserversvps.com\/blog\/vps-security-audit-checklist-findings\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Virtual Servers VPS Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-09T22:43:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Virtual-Servers-Vps-Editor\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Virtual-Servers-Vps-Editor\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/virtualserversvps.com\/blog\/vps-security-audit-checklist-findings\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/virtualserversvps.com\/blog\/vps-security-audit-checklist-findings\/\",\"name\":\"VPS Security Audit Checklist: Finding and Fixing Common Server Vulnerabilities - 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